Salimullah Khan, Writter. A comprehensive story of evolution of Bengali Literature

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RmxgD``xb I RvZxq  mvwnZ¨

 mwjgyj­vn Lvb

  G‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ ïaygvÎ wn›`yi mvwnZ¨ nB‡e bv, c„_K Kwiqv gymjgv‡bi mvwnZ¨I nB‡e bv| wn›`y gymjgvb GK fvlvq K_v e‡j ewjqv G †`‡ki mvwnZ¨ nB‡e wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi mvwnZ¨| hvunviv c„_K Kwiqv mvwnZ¨ iPbv Kwi‡eb Zvunviv †ekx w`b wUwK‡eb ewjqv g‡b nq bv| KviY mvwn‡Z¨i †h mve©RbxbZv RMZ‡K AvKl©Y K‡i †mB ¯’v‡b †Kvb mv¤cÖ`vwqK g‡be„wË cÖ‡ek jvf Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv|

(RmxgD``xb [1964] 1976: 184)

The medieval night had already set in when Bengali was born, and it did not end until the nineteenth century. For over a thousand years the Indian intellect slumbered, and produced no new thought or knowledge, no system of science or philosophy.

          (Ghosh [1948]1976:22)

I am supposing that in every society the production of discourse is at once controlled, selected, organised and redistributed according to a certain number of procedures, whose role is to avert its powers and its dangers, to cope with chance events, to evade its ponderous, awesome materiality.

(Foucault [1970] 1972:216)I

ÔRmxgDÏx‡bi evsjvÕ bvgK †jLvq Avgiv `vwe K‡iwQ RmxgDÏx‡bi evsjv Aaybv Kv‡ji ÔLvuwU evsjvÕi bgybv | (mwjgyj­vn 2003) eZ©gvb †jLvq GB `vwei c‡¶ Av‡iv wKQy AvjvgZ nvwRi Ki‡Z PvB| Avgv‡`i GB `vwe hw` wKQy cwigv‡YI mv”Pv nq, †Zv Ôcivaxb hy‡Mi Av‡MKviÕ A‡_© cyivbv evsjv iPbvq Gi wbkvbv wKQy bv wKQy _vK‡e| cyivbv evsjv‡KI RmxgDÏxb ÔLvuwU evsjvÕ Ávb K‡i‡Qb| civaxb hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ wK wK gybvdv n‡q‡Q Zvi ZvwjKv MZ cÂvk eQ‡ii cyw_c‡Î mwe¯—vi cvIqv hvq| RmxgD``xb G hy‡Mi ¶q¶wZiI GKUv mvaviY wnmve wb‡q‡Qb| Amvgvb¨ ‡mB mvgvb¨ ¶wZ | GB wnmve, GK wnmv‡e, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i  BwZnv‡m bZzb wePvibxwZ Avwe®‹v‡ii m¤§vb `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i |

eZ©gvb  hy‡Mi evsjv mvwnZ¨ - Aš—Zt f`ª‡jv‡Ki †Pv‡L - f`ª I †jvK GB `yB mvwn‡Z¨ wef³| BsivR I BsivRx fvehy‡Mi  mvwnZ¨‡K f`ªmvwnZ¨ a‡i wb‡j evwK me wKQyB †jvKmvwnZ¨ n‡q hvq| BsivR hy‡Mi Av‡Mi mvwnZ¨I GB wnmv‡e †jvKmvwnZ¨ c`evP¨| RmxgD``xb `vwe K‡i‡Qb GB †jvKmvwnZ¨B evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq mvwnZ¨| RmxgD``xb‡K cj­xKwe †LZve whwbB w`‡q _vKzb bv fvjB ‡_‡K‡Qb| m‡½ A_©UvI hw` K‡i w`‡Zb Av‡iv fvj _vK‡Zb| Rmxg g‡b K‡ib bv wZwb cj­xKweZv Ki‡Qb| g‡b K‡ib wZwb Ki‡Qb RvZxq mvwnZ¨| f`ª‡jvKiv Zv gv‡bb bv| RmxgD``xb c‡_i wePvi g‡Z civaxb evsjv†`‡ki civkªqx weËevb †kªYxi ‡jLv mvwnZ¨ †gv‡Ui Ici weRvZxq mvwnZ¨| G e¯‘ - ejv hvK - GK RvZxq Abyev` mvwnZ¨B| wek¦wekÖyZ Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †jLvcÎI f`ª †Mv‡ÎiB iPbv| ‡`‡ki gvby‡li m‡½ GB wbwðš— mvwn‡Z¨i †hvM ej‡Z bvB | GB mvwnZ¨ bxi³, wb®cÖÖvY, wgQv mvwnZ¨| RmxgD``x‡bi GB cÖ¯—ve cix¶v Avgv‡`i cÖv_©bxq| evsjv iPbvi eZ©gvb msKU eyS‡Z hvuiv AvMÖnx, Avgv‡`i Avkv, RmxgD``x‡bi c_ ai‡Z Zvuiv Lye †`wi Ki‡eb bv|

BwZnvmiwmK m¨vi h`ybv_ miKv‡ii g‡Zv gbxlx wnmve K‡l e‡jwQ‡jb, evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK hy†Mi Avi¤¢ Bs‡iRx mb 1757, Ryb gv‡mi 23 ZvwiL, weKvj †cŠ‡Y cvuPUvq| †mB hy‡Mi †kl GLbI nq‡Zv nq bvB| GB hyM†k‡li GK Ávbxcyiƒl e‡jb: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¥ ga¨hy‡Mi GK AÜKvi N‡i| Zvi †hŠebI GB KvivMv‡iB Kv‡U| Dwbk kZK ZK GB ivZ Kv‡U bvB| (†Nvl 1976:20, 22) evsjv f`ªmvwn‡Z¨i wm× BwZnvmKvi †R wm †Nv‡li g‡Z, Bs‡iR iv‡Ri Av‡MKvi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm †Kej ΓwU Avi ΓwU Avi `ye©jZvi BwZnvm | fv‡M¨i K_v evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †MŠie Kivi g‡Zv wKQy hw` N‡U _v‡K Zv BsivR hy‡Mi `vb| G hy‡Mi †`Šj‡ZB evsjv fvi‡Zi †kªô AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨i c` AjsK…Z Ki‡Q| `ywbqvi hZ wØZxq mvwii mvwnZ¨ Zvi gvnwd‡j GKUv DuPz VvuB K‡iI wb‡q‡Q †m| n‡q‡Q `ywbqvi gv‡b B‡qv‡iv‡ci wØZxq †kªYxi cÖ_g mvwnZ¨Zzj¨| (†Nvl 1976: 25)

     ‡h †m cwÛZ bb †R wm †Nvl| Zvui gZvbymvixi `j (Avgvi AvksKv) GgbwK AvRI       hyw³e‡j bv ‡nvK a‡bR‡b fvwi| Avwg mva¨vbymv‡i †Nvl gnvk‡qi wek¦¯’ Abyev` K‡iwQ|  ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb cÖgyL BwZnvm †jLKI cvK Rgvbvq GB Rei`¯— †Nv†li evsjv ZR©gv  ‡ebv‡g K‡iwQ‡jb|  GKUz c‡iB Avgiv †`LwQ RmxgD``x‡bi gZvgZ †Nvl gkv‡qi cÖvÄj wecixZ | evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm wel‡q †Nvl gnvkq hw` evsjv civaxb mvwn‡Z¨i Mv_vKvi  †Zv RmxgD``xb RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i bv›`xKvi | RvZxq mvwnZ¨ gv‡b RmxgD``xb hv ey‡S‡Qb mK‡j †mUv †ev‡Sb bvB| GKUz wek` bv Kwi †Zv G Av‡jvPbv AvKvg Kzmyg n‡e|

     ÕmgMÖ ev½vwji DbœwZ bv nB‡j †`‡ki †Kvb g½j bvB|Õ G g‡Zi cÖe³v ew¼gP†›`ªi g‡Z, †h K_v †`‡ki mKj †jvK ey‡S bv, ev ky‡b bv, †m K_vq mvgvwRK we‡kl †Kvb DbœwZi m¤¢vebv bvB| Õ G K_v K…Zwe`¨ ev½vwjiv †Kb †h ey‡Sb bvÕ, ew¼gP›`ª Avnv mijwP‡Ë ¯^xKvi K‡ib, ÕZvnv ewj‡Z cvwi bv|Õ (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001:24) iex›`ªhy‡Mi Zviv m¨vi Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vqI GKwU weeªZKi n‡jI AÁvq mZ¨ ej‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| †h fvlv GLb evsjv bv‡g cwiwPZ ZvI GKw`b Rbmvavi‡Yi Avcb fvlv wQj bv, Zv‡K M‡owc‡V †bIqv n‡q‡Q gvÎ| m¨vi Avï‡Zvl K‡nb: ÓcÖK…Zc‡¶ hvnv‡`i jBqv e½‡`k, hvnvw`M‡K ev` w`‡j ev½vjv †`‡ki cÖvq mg¯—B ev` c‡o, †mB e‡½I Avcvgi-mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ e½fvlvi Av`i KZUv wQj? GKcÖKvi wQj bv ewj‡jI AZ¨yw³ nq bv| K…wËevm-Kvkx`vm e¨ZxZ Aci KqRb e½mvwnZ¨i‡_i bvg e‡½i Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ mycwiwPZ?Ó (Avï‡Zvl 1995: 84)

     Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq Wvnv AvnŸvb Rvbvb: ÓRvZxqZv-MVb Kwi‡Z nB‡j RvZxq mvwnZ¨-MVb mev©‡MÖ Avek¨K|Ó wKš‘ Avïeveyi ev½vwj wK wRwbk? Zvui ev½vwj GLb GKUv Mvwji gZb †kvbv‡ZB cv‡i: ev½vwj fvi‡Zi GK ÕcÖvPxb gnves‡kiÕ, ev½vwj cÖKvk ÕcÖvPxb Avh¨©RvwZiÕ ÕfMœvskÕ| (Avï‡Zvl 1995: 85, 83) †`‡ki msÁv RvwZi GK ¯—¤¢| Avï‡Zv‡li †`k ÓwngvPj †h †`‡ki ce©Z, Rvýex-hgybv †h †`‡ki cÖevwnYx, mvg †h †`‡ki m½xZ, ivgvqY-gnvfviZ †h †`‡ki BwZnvmÓ, †mB †`kB| ag©fve ev Dc‡`k QvovI RvwZ Mov nq bv| Avky‡Zv‡li Dc‡`k: Õa¤§©fve wn›`y RvwZi cÖavb j¶¨ wQj, a¤§©fve†KB †Zvgvi eZ©gvb RvZxqZviI cÖavb j¶¨ Ki|Õ(Avï‡Zvl 1995: 95) 

GB RvZxqZv cÖPv‡ii GKgvÎ Dcvq gvZ…fvlv| †h evsjv fvlv gywV‡Z gvcv mgv‡R AvUK wQj †m fvlv AwZ w¶cÖMwZ‡Z Õev½vjvi mKj m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖmvi jvf Kwi‡Z‡QÕ †`‡L Avïeveyi D‡ØM, ÓGB mg‡q fvlv hvnv‡Z mshZ-Pi‡Y P‡j, hvnv‡Z D”Q„•Lj bv nq, †m c‡¶ e‡½i RvZxq Rxe‡bi D‡Øvab-KË©v‡`i we‡kl `„wó ivwL‡Z nB‡e|Ó (Avï‡Zvl 1995:85) ew¼‡gi K…Zwe`¨ ev½vwjiv ev‡` e‡½i RvZxq Rxe‡bi D‡Øvab-KË©v Avevi Kviv? Zvu‡`i GB we‡kl `„wóiB Aci bvg †kªYx msMÖvg | Avï‡Zvlevey †h RvZxqZvi KoPv wj‡L‡Qb Zvi we‡kl `„wói Kvi‡Y e½‡`‡ki Avh©RvwZi fMœvskwU m¤cÖ`vq msMÖv‡gi AÁv MÖnY K‡i|

BD‡iv‡ci `k©b e¨emvqx wg‡kj dzKi K_v Dc‡I Avgiv bKj K‡iwQ| wZwb g‡b K‡ib: fvlvmvwn‡Z¨i kw³ Av‡Q, ej Av‡Q, Avc` wec` Av‡Q, mvwnZ¨ A‡bK NUb ANUbI NUv‡Z cv‡i| fvlvmvwn‡Z¨i mZ¨e¯‘ †f‡e †`Lvi, fq cvIqvi wRwbk| GB kw³, GB Avc` wec` NUb ANUb †gvKv‡ejvi D‡Ï‡k¨ mKj mgvRB fvlvmvwnZ¨ m„wói m‡½ m‡½B wKQy wKQy †KŠkj Abymv‡i nv‡Z bv‡Z ‡cvlv, evQv, †MvQMvQ K‡i Avi †X‡j mvRvq| Avgiv †`Le evsjv fvlvmvwn‡Z¨i ‡fZ‡ii m¤cÖ`vq msMÖvgI G mKj Kjv‡KŠk‡ji evB‡i bq|

1

     ‡m Kv‡ji KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ivgZby jvwnox Aa¨vcK ivq evnv`yi L‡M›`ªbv_ wgÎ 1936 m‡b e½-mvwn‡Z¨i iPbvbxwZ  bv‡g GKwU †jLv cÖPvi K‡ib | nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi bvg bv _vK‡jI Zvui `vwei mg_©b GB †jLvq Av‡Q| L‡M›`ªbv_ RmxgD``xb‡K wPb‡Zb | Zvu‡K GKwU cwiPqcÎI  w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| wbR Rev‡b kv¯¿xi g‡ZvB wj‡L‡Qb L‡Mbevey: Òhuvnviv evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i mªóv Zuvnviv c~‡e©Kvi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i mwnZ mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb ewjqv †eva nq bv| Avgv‡`i M`¨ mvwnZ¨ bv _vKzK, c`¨ mvwnZ¨ wbZvš— `wi`ª wQj bv| ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, ‰eòe Kwe‡`i KweZv, gbmv Kve¨, PÛxg½j cÖf„wZi mwnZ †h Bunviv mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb, Zvnv g‡b nq bv| KviY †mB Kve¨ mvwnZ¨ cvV Kwi‡j wbðqB Zvunviv fve cÖKv‡ki A‡bK Dcv`vb Zvnv‡Z cvB‡Zb| ˆeòe mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…‡Zi Dci cÖwZwôZ nB‡jI Bnv‡Z ev½jv iPbvixwZi cwiPq h‡_ó we`¨gvb |Ó

                “iƒc jvwM AuvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y g‡bv‡fvi|

                cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kuv‡` cÖwZ A½ †gvi \

A_ev Ñ

           civY eua~‡K                          ¯^c‡b †`wLjyu

                     ewm‡q wkqi cv‡k|

           bvmvi †emi                      cik Kwiqv

                     Clr gayi nv‡m \

ÒGB mKj c‡`i mwnZ cwiPq _vwK‡jÓÑ ivq evnv`yi m‡¶v‡f wjL‡QbÑ Òg„Z¨yÄq ZK©vj¼v‡ii ev½jv, ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi ev½jv, A¶q `‡Ëi fvlv Hiƒc nB‡Z cvwiZ wKbv m‡›`n|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001: 25) Hiƒc gv‡b?  L‡MbRxi wnmve g‡Z: Òevsjv M`¨ hLb Avi¤¢ nBj, ZLb Zvnv‡Z ms¯‹…‡Zi cÖfve eo †ekx K‡i †`Lv w`j| ZvivksK‡ii Kv`¤^ix GB ‡kªYxi †jLvi cÖK…ó `„óvš—| Zuvnvi mvØ©MRe¨vcx mgv‡mi NbNUv Kv`¤^ixi ms¯‹„Z iƒ‡ciB cÖwZ”Qwe| Kv`¤^ixi †gNgš¿aŸwb AbyK…Z nBj e‡U, wKš‘ ev½jv fvlv c½y nBqv cwoj| we`¨vmvMi gnvkq gnvfvi‡Zi †h Abyev` K‡ib, Zvnv‡ZI ms¯‹…Z iPbvi Avo¤^i jw¶Z nq| Zuvnvi mxZvi ebevm A‡c¶vK…Z mij nB‡jI ÔAcZ¨ wbwe©Ÿ‡k‡l cÖRvcvjbÕ cÖf„wZ iPbvixwZ cwinvi Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bvB| A¶qKzgvi `Ë mvay fvlvi GKRb AbyivMx †meK| Zuvnvi PviƒcvV †h AZ¨waK ms¯‹…Z‡Nlv Zvnv ¯^xKvi Kwi‡ZB nB‡e| ‡m mg‡q mvay fvlvqB wkó iPbv Kwievi †Póv nBZ Ges †m mvay fvlv ms¯‹…‡Zi A‡¼B cvwjZ|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001: 24) gš¿`ªóv ew¼gP›`ªi g‡Zv FwlI ms¯‹…Z Qvov P‡jb bvB| L‡Mbeveyi mZ¨ mv¶¨: ÒZuvnvi mycÖwm× ¯^‡`kgš¿ ev gvZ…f~wgi e›`bv Ôe‡›` gvZigÕ ms¯‹…‡Zi gyLeÜ jBqv D”PvwiZ nBqvwQj| Bnvi GKwU we‡kl myweav nBqv‡Q GB †h, fviZe‡l©i mg¯— cÖ‡`‡k Bnv mv`‡i M„nxZ nBqv‡Q wKš‘ ev½vjv Mv‡bi ms¯‹…Z f~wgKv GB ‡h wewPÎ iPbv wb`k©b, BnvI †mB ms¯‹…ZcÖxwZi dj|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001 : 24) K_v †djbv bq|

Z‡e L‡Mbeveyi wePv‡i wKQy fyjPzKI Av‡Q | we‡kl ejv hvK, ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi evsjv L‡MbRx hZUv Lvivc g‡b K‡i‡Qb, Avgiv ‡Zv ZZUv Lvivc cvB bvB| ivg‡gvnb †_‡K L‡MbRx †h Ask Zz‡j‡Qb, Zv‡Z Awe`¨vi A‡Xj cªgvY| †`IqvbRxi †jLv M`¨ BwZhwZ‡hv‡M co‡j evsjvB | L‡Mbevey AKviY P‡U‡Qb †`IqvbRxi Ici| Ò†`IqvbRx R‡ji g‡Zv evsjv †j‡LbÓ, cÖKvk G K_v KweZvKvi Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ßi| evsjv ms¯‹…‡Zi kã †Xi wM‡j‡Q Z‡e Zvi Pvj ms¯‹…‡Zi bq, G m‡Z¨ ivg‡gvn†bi †Kvb mskq wQj bv| mv¶x †MŠoxq e¨vKiY| (ivg‡gvnb 1364: 7g LÛ) wgwËigkvB †Kb nicÖmv` iv‡M Mvb ai‡jb wKš‘ †kl Ki‡jb Avï‡Zv‡l ‡m K_v AvR bq| †m Ab¨Zš¿|

     ev½jv M`¨mvwn‡Z¨i eË©gvb (gv‡b 1936 ‡mvcv‡bi) iƒc eswKgP›`ªB w`‡q‡Qb, L‡M›`ªbv_ wg‡Îi G K_v wgQv bq| wZwb mZ¨ a‡i‡Qb, ÒeswKgP‡›`ªi evsjvq iPbvi GK gayi Q›`Ó Av‡Q| Gi KviY ‰eòe mvwn‡Z¨ Zvui AwfÁZv| wKš‘ †Lv` ew¼g g‡b K‡ib Zvui Avcb K…wZ‡Z¡i ‡Mvovq  evey c¨vixPuv` wgÎ | welbœ ew¼‡gi g‡Z Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjB cª_g cªgvY K‡i RvZxq fvlvq MÖš’ iPbv Kiv hvq Ges †m iPbv my›`i I `‡ki ü`qMÖvnx nq| mvwn‡Z¨i  cÖK„Z Dcv`vb Avgv‡`i N‡iB Av‡Q, Zvi jvwM wK Bs‡iwR wK ms¯‹…Z Kv‡iv N‡i wf¶vi `iKvi bvB, ew¼‡gi wePv‡i GUvI c¨vixPvu‡`iB Avwe®‹vi|

GB ch©š— L‡Mbeveyi e³e¨ GB cyiv‡bv m‡Z¨iB bexb Avwe®‹vi | bZzb K_vI GK VvuB wZwb ‡kvbv‡jb | ‡XvK wM‡j ej‡jb, iex›`ªbv‡_i M†`¨I Avkv cyiv‡jv bv, evmbv Ac~Y© iB†jv| wgwËigkvB K‡nb:  ÒDcb¨vm I KweZv hw` fvlvi meLvwb nBZ, Zvnv nB‡j K_v wQj bv|Ó iex›`ªbv_ ms¯‹…ZMÜx fvlvi c¶cvZx b‡nb, wgwËigkvBi GB `vIqv mv”Pv n‡j fv‡jvB n‡Zv| ÒcÖ‡qvRb gZ ms¯‹…‡Zi Kve¨Kvb‡b cÖ‡ek Kwiqv ARmª Kzmyg ZzwjqvÓ evM‡`exi c~Rv Kiv GK wRwbk, e›`‡ii gZb Pvjy K_vi ¯’‡j †cvZvkªq Rvwi Kiv Avi | G cÖm½ Gwo‡q †M‡Qb L‡Mbevey|

1920 ciKv‡j iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ms¯‹…ZevB Nvo Pvov w`‡q D‡VwQj|  iex›`ªbv_I ZZw`‡b evsjv‡K Av‡iKevi ms¯‹…Zcv‡b †divevi iYcY K†i‡Qb| (‡`Lyb, iex›`ªbv_ 1391) nicªmv‡`i eywj‡Z ejv P‡j ÕM½v‡K Avevi wngvj‡qi w`‡K PvjvBevi †PóvÕ Ki†jb | KviY? civaxb evsjvi ms¯‹…ZevB D‡VwQj civaxb †`‡ki GwjU‡Mvôxi GwjUevBi Kvi‡Y| evsjvi RvZxq fvlvq †divI, Rvbv fv‡jv, RvwZ†`eZvi cÖmv‡`B| L‡Mbeveyi Bkviv: Òhvunviv †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi RvMiY Acwinvh© ewjqv g‡b Kwi‡jb, Zuvnviv gvZ…fvlv‡K Avkªq Kwi‡Z eva¨ nB‡jb| Av‡M Ks‡MÖm Kbdv‡iÝ cÖf„wZ Bs‡iRxi Pvj bwn‡j PwjZ bv| hvnviv Bs‡iRx‡Z fvj wjwL‡Z ev ewj‡Z cvwi‡Zb, GB mKj mfvq ZvnvivB Rqgvj¨ jvf Kwi‡Zb | Avgv‡`i cvV¨ve¯’vq mfv-mwgwZ‡Z KLbI evsjv e³…Zv ïwbqvwQ ewjqv g‡b c‡o bv|  ... Avgv‡`i evj¨Kv‡j hvnviv e³…Zv w`‡Zb, Zuvnviv Bs‡iR‡KI j¾v w`‡Zb| wKš‘ GB fv‡ei cwieZ©b nBj ¯^v‡`wkKZvi hy‡M| ZLb †bZviv eywS‡jb †h Bs‡iwRi DcKvwiZv hZB _vK, gvZ„fvlv bv nB‡j wecyj MYms‡Ni gb mvov w`‡ebv|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001: 27)

¯^‡`kx hy‡Mi cÖ_g †ZR †K‡U hvIqvi ci evsjvi g‡a¨ KwVb ms¯‹…Z †XvKvevi †Póv bZzb K‡i †`Lv w`j| †Kb ? wgwËi gkvB Gi DËi †`b bvB| Z‡e GB DËiI ivRbxwZ‡ZB Av‡Q | G ivRbxwZ wecyj MYms‡Ni gb Kvovi ivRbxwZ bq| ¶z`ª ‡Mvôxi cÖwZcwË eRvq ivLvi `vmbxwZ| Gi Rb¨B †f`eyw×i `iKvi| L‡M›`ªbv_ GB wPš—vq RmxgDÏx‡biI I¯—v`| ¯^‡`kx hy‡M evsjvi cªmvi †h mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y †e‡owQj, mv¤cÖ`vwqK evu‡Uvqvivi giv KvUv‡ji hy‡MI †mB Avqbv Kvi‡YB Zv KzP‡K Av‡m| evsjvi eY©wn›`y Gwj‡Ui †mw`b †KvP‡bB Avb›`| Rwg`vwi e‡›`ve‡¯—i †kl AwaKvi a‡i ivLevi GB  BwZnv‡m fvlv‡K nvwZqvi Ki‡Z eva‡e †Kb? eY© I ag©  joKv gnvcyi“l‡`i ivRbxwZ Av‡Q, G mZ¨ AvRI Avgv‡`i Rvbv-ARvbv |

evsjvq AKviY ms¯‹…Z Pvov †`evi wØZxq hy‡M Avgiv GLbI evm Kwi| evsjv evK¨ GLb eis gv‡S gv‡S †PbvI gykwK‡ji ¯’j| KviY GKjv ms¯‹…Zwejvm bq | G gvgjv Bs‡iwRqvb evsjviI dmj| Bs‡iwRqvbv bZzb wRwbm bq| wKš‘ ms®K…Zwejv‡mi ivRbxwZwU wK wRwbm? D`vniY cv‡ki †`k fviZ †_‡K wb‡j aviYv mnR n†e g‡b nq| fvi‡Zi ivóªfvlv †`ebvMix ni‡d †jLv wnw›` wK K‡i n‡jv Zvi †cQ‡b, fvi‡Zi evOvwj wn›`yy HwZnvwmK Akxb `vk¸‡ßi K_vq, Òwelv³ mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi BwZnvm Av‡Q|Ó

Akxbeveyi GK cÖexY †jLvq cov hvq: Òwenvi I DËi cÖ‡`‡k wnw›` Ges D`©yi SMov AvR GK‡kv eQ‡iiI †ewk cyi‡bv| G SMov wn›`y Ges gymjgv‡bi wkw¶Z ga¨we‡Ëi SMov| mvaviY gvby‡liv wnw›` Ges D`y© wgwk‡q me©Rb‡eva¨ GK wLPzwo fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Zb| gv‡S gv‡S GB fvlv‡K fviZxq †bZviv wn›`y¯’vwb e‡j‡Qb| fvlvwU Aviex ni‡d †jLv n‡j bvg nZ D`©~, †`ebvMix †Pnvivq wnw›`| Kvi“i †Kvb Amyweav wQj bv| cwÛZ gkvB‡`i Avi †gŠjwe‡`i †mUv mBj bv| we‡kl K‡i DËi fviZxq cwÛZ‡`i Zvobvq †Rvi K‡i dviwm kã mwi‡q ms¯‹…Z XywK‡q wnw›` fvlvUv‡K hZ`~i m¤¢e mvaviY PjwZ fvlvi †_‡K miv‡bv n‡Z _vKj| †mB m‡½ wRwMi †Zvjv nj mg¯— miKvwi `߇i Aviex ni‡d †jLv D`©y eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e, †`ebvMix A¶‡i wnw›`B  GKgvÎ miKvwi fvlv n‡e| 1870 mv‡j  Ges Zvici †_‡KB GB SMov †kvPbxq iƒc ‡bq|Ó (Akxb 2001: 201) G †jLvi cÖKvkKvj 1969 mvj |

     ms¯‹…Z Awfgvbx wnw›`i ‡Muvovq mv¤úª`vwqK wel | †mKv‡ji RbmsN Avi G Kv‡ji fviZxq RbZv cvw©U wnw›`fvlx A‡ji wn›`ymgv‡Ri ga¨weË †kªYxi ivR‰bwZK `j| Akxbevey g‡b K‡ib, wnw›`fvlv‡K cÖavb fvlv Kivi `vwe we‡kl K‡i DËi cÖ‡`k,  ga¨ cÖ‡`k, wenvi cÖf„wZ A‡ji wn›`y ga¨weË †kªYxi cÖavb nIqvi jovB‡q GKwU nvwZqvi gvÎ| IB A‡ji gymjgvb D”PZi †kªYx¸wji m‡½ G‡`i cÖvav‡b¨i jovB eûw`‡bi| G jovB‡q Giv AvcvZZ Rqx n‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ G R‡qi †fZi fviZel©‡K ïay~ wn›`y gymjgv‡b bq, DËi-`w¶‡Y, c~e©-cwð‡g Aš—Z PvifvM Kivi e‡›`ve‡¯—i e¨e¯’vcÎI †`qv Av‡Q| AvVvi ce© Kvwnbx bv wj‡L ïa~ Zvwgj RvwZi K_v cvo‡jB nq| wnw›`qvbxi m‡½ wn›`yqvbxi †Kvb m¤úK© bvB| Zvwgjfvlx gvbylI wn›`y| A‡bK †¶‡Î A‡bK wn›`y¯’vwbi PvB‡ZI †Muvov wn›`y| †m K_v g‡b K‡i Akxbevey wj‡L‡Qb: ÒAvR‡Ki  w`‡b GKwU wn›`y `‡ji GB  wnw›` Drmvn `y‡e©va¨|Ó (Akxb 2001: 201)

      gnvZœv MvÜxi hy‡M iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ms¯‹…Z  Drmv‡ni welqI wnw›` A‡ji wn›`y ga¨we‡Ëi ivRbxwZi e½xq ms¯‹iY ˆe bq| evsjvi  fvM¨ fvj| Zvi †`kfvM n‡q‡Q| bB‡j fvlvfvM n‡Zv| wn›`y¯—v‡b gvÎ fvlvfvM n‡jv | †`kfvM evwK Av‡Q| Akxb `vk¸ßi Revbe›`x cybð kªve¨: ÒgnvZœv MvÜx Ges cwÛZ RInijvj `yÕR‡bB mve©Rbxb wn›`y¯—vwb fvlvi f³ wQ‡jb| Zuviv g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb Aviex Ges †`ebvMix `yÕfv‡eB G fvlv †jLv Pj‡e| wn›`y Ges gymjgvb ms¯‹…wZi wgj‡b D™¢~Z GB fvlv fviZe‡l©i ivóªfvlv n‡e| ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡M ch©š— RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi GB cwi®‹vi gZ wQj| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZvi c‡iB †Muvov wn›`y‡`i Kv‡Q cwÛZwR GB gZev‡` †n‡i †M‡jb|Ó (Akxb 2001: 201) evsjv‡`‡k n‡j †bniyRxi nvi ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡MB n‡Zv| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K A‡b‡KB e‡jb wPš—vkxj †jLK| wKš‘ fvlv wk¶vq mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Øviv wZwbI †hfv‡e PvwjZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zv †`‡L g‡b `ytL nq| †K ej‡e  Zvui gbxlvi Kvwnbx KZK mZ¨ Avi KZK wKse`wš— ?

2

ivg‡gvnb ivq evsjvi ‰PZb¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb| c¨vixPvu` wgÎ K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi PwiZ| nicªmv` kv¯¿x Avi RmxgD``x†bi Avwe®‹vi evsjvi Ag„Z| D”P‡kªYxi ‡Mvjvgiv RmxgD`&`xb‡K cj­xKwe ivkbv‡g GKN‡i K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| GB KivI wK †mB KivB bq? f`ª‡jvK †kªYxi mvwnZ¨ RmxgD`&`xb cQ›` K‡ib bvB,  f`ª‡jvKivI ZvB †kva wb‡q‡Qb| Rmx‡gi iPbvbxwZi m‡½ GB Avwe®‹v‡ii  m~ZvwU GLv‡b ‡hvM Kiv Av‡Q| fvlvi ‡fZi wK Ac~e© wePvi†hvM!

Kwe Ave`yj Kvw`i‡K †jLv wPwVi As‡k co‡Z cvB GB †evwai Lei| civaxbZvi Ab¨vq KZLvwb, wZwb ¸i“, Rei a‡i‡Qb: ÒBs‡iR AvMg‡bi c‡i BD‡iv‡ci Zxeª gw`iv cvb K‡i Avgiv ax‡i ax‡i me †Lvqvjvg| LuvwU BD‡iv‡ci fv‡e we‡fvi n‡q ms¯‹…Z Aj¼vi I kãkv‡¯¿i cvbcv‡Î f‡i gvB‡Kj †h Kve¨im Avgv‡`i cwi‡ekb Ki‡jb, Zvui m‡½ m‡½B Zv wbt‡kl n‡q †Mj| gvB‡Kj Aek¨B evOjv fvlvq Zuvi Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvi Rb¨ wU‡K _vK‡eb| wKš‘ Kv‡e¨i †h bZzb bvU¨g wZwb Ly‡jwQ‡jb, †hLv‡b †ng, bexb cÖf„wZ w`K&cv‡jiv Avmi Rgv‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb, †m bvUKI Aíw`‡bB †f‡½ †Mj|Ó

RmxgD``xb K&ªvwš— †`‡Lb, KjvI we¯—vi K‡ib: ÒgvB‡K‡ji Kve¨avivwU evsjv‡`‡k wUKj bv | Zvi KviY, evsjvi gvwUi m‡½ Zvui Kv‡e¨i aviv wkKo Mo‡Z cv‡iwb| wKš‘ wenvixjv‡ji wjwi‡Ki avivwU iex›`ªbv‡_ G‡m wU‡K iBj| Gi KviY iex›`ªbv‡_i Kv‡e¨ i‡q‡Q Pvwikw³i mgvnvi, ms¯‹…Z, ˆeòe, evsjvi †jvKmsMxZ I BD‡ivcxq fveavivi GKÎ mgv‡ek| GB Rb¨ ev½vjx iex›`ªbv_‡K KZKUv MÖnY K‡i‡Q wKš‘ gay-‡ng-bex‡bi Kv‡e¨i m‡½ evsjvi gvwUi †hvM †bB| Míeyb‡bi †h avivwU PÛxg½j, gbmvg½j, ivgvqY cÖf„wZ Kv‡e¨ †hfv†e P‡jwQj, gay-‡ng-bex‡bi aviv Zvi m‡½ †Kvb †hvM iv‡Lwb| †mB Rb¨ evsjvi gvwU‡Z Zviv wkKo Mo‡Z cv‡iwb|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 2001: 32-33) AviI GK RvqMvq Rmxg welqwU wek` K‡ib: ÒKwe K¼b gyKz›`ivg nB‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwiqv ivgcÖmv` I gvB‡Kj ch©š— evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Kc~©icv‡Î DMÖPÛv Ki½evwnbx k¥kvb ˆfiexwbi †h ûsKviaŸwb RvMvBqv ZzwjqvwQ‡jb †ngP‡›`ª bexbP‡›`ª Avwmqv Zvnv KZKUv wgqvBqv hvq| iex›`ªbv‡_ Avwmqv Zvnv G‡Kev‡i wbt†kwlZ cv‡Î cwiYZ nq| (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 88)

iex›`ªbv_ wel‡q mZ¨K_v ejv AvRI KwVb| †m Kvi‡YB RmxgD``x‡bi mvn‡m cÖ_‡g Avgv‡`i evK¨ ‡_‡g hvq| KwVb Avwe®‹v‡ii wkjv cv‡qi Zjvq bv _vK‡j Ggb mvn‡mi Nvo gv_v Zzj‡Zv †Kv_vq? iex›`ªbv‡_i GwjUvbv I cÖwZwµqvkxjZv ivRvi `yUv bZzb Rvgvi gZb| ï× wkï Avi Kwe RmxgD``xb Qvov mvwn‡Z¨ G mZ¨ †K Avi Gfv‡e ej‡eb ‡MŠoe‡½? ÒgvB‡Kj Zvunvi Kv‡e¨I ms¯‹……Z kãm¤¢vi I †`¨vZbvi m‡½ A‡bK PjwZ evsjv kã e¨envi KwiqvwQ‡jb| iex›`ªKv‡e¨ Zvnvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq bv|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 87)

civaxb evsjvq GwjUvbv Avi wnu`yqvbv GKvbœeZ©x - nq‡Zv G K_v ejvB b¨vq| ZvB evsjvi BwZnvm  wjL‡Z co†Z Qv·`i eo gykwKj N‡U | RmxgD``xb Kwe¸i“‡K bKkx Kvu_vi gvV Avi ivLvjx ‡Zvndv w`‡jb| Kwe¸i“ ej‡jb: ÒAvgvi g‡b n‡”Q Zzwg evsjv‡`‡ki Pvlx gymjgvb‡`i wel‡q wj‡LQ| †Zvgvi eB Avwg coe|Ó c‡o RmxgD``xb‡K wb‡Ri Avkª‡g _vKv LvIqvi `vIqvZI w`‡q em‡jb wZwb | wKš‘ evjyPi c‡o Kwei gb g‡R bvB| evjyPi eB‡qi GK KweZvi bvg Kvj †m Avwm‡e| P‡ii evwji gZb PLvPwLi K_v”Q‡j GK Avajv gvby‡li †cÖgfve, msmv‡ii Afve AbU‡bi ‡PvivPvjvbI †`Lv ‡Mj G †jLvq| Avc‡kvl Kvj †m Avwm‡e KweZvi gkûi c`vejx iex›`ªbv‡_i gb cvq bvB|

Kvj †m Avwm‡e, gyLLvwb Zvi bZzb P‡ii gZ

PLv Avi PLx big Wvbvq gyQv‡q w`‡q‡Q KZ|

P‡ii Pvlxi av‡bi †L‡Zi gZB Zvnvi Mv,

‡Kv_v ev njy`, AveQv njy`, †Kv_v ev njy` bv|

...

‡m wK IB P‡i `vuov‡q †`wL‡e eilvi Ziy¸wj,

kx‡Zi Zvcmx Kv‡i ev ¯§wi‡Q AvfiY Mvi Lywj?

nq Z †`wL‡e, nq †`wL‡e bv; Kvj †m Avwm‡e P‡i,

G cv‡i Avgvi fvOv NiLvwb, Avwg _vwK †mB N‡i|

(RmxgD``xb 1998: 63-64)

iweevey mZ¨ mZ¨ Kx e‡jwQ‡jb Rvbvi Dcvq bvB| weL¨vZ †Kvb wkl¨‡K hw` wek¦vm Kiv hvq, Z‡e g‡b nq ¸i“†`e H Pvuovwj‡Z wei³B n‡qwQ‡jb:  Ò†Zvgvi evjyPi co‡Z wM‡q eo V‡KwQ †n| evjyPi ej‡Z Avwg †Zvgv‡`i †`‡ki my`~i cÙvZx‡ii Pi¸wji my›`i KweZ¡c~Y© eY©bv Avkv K‡iwQjvg| ‡Kgb PLvPwL D‡o †eovq, Kvkdz‡ji ¸”Q¸wj evZvm Dwo‡q wb‡q hvq| wKš‘ KZK¸wj †cÖ‡gi KweZv w`‡q Zzwg eBLvbv‡K f‡i Zz‡jQ|Ó iex›`ªbv_I Rv‡bb G wePvi eo iƒpwePvi| ZvB GB wel‡q wKQy wjL‡jb bv| gy‡LB ej‡jb| (RmxgD`&`xb 1992: 15) iex›`ªbv‡_i mZZv Amvgvb¨| my›`i KweZ¡c~Y© eY©bvi gh©v`v Dovwbi Pi bv‡gi GKwU KweZv‡K wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb| ciKv‡j|

Rmx‡gi mZZvI mvgvb¨ bq| evsjvq mv¤cÖ`vwqK eyw×i weKvk Avi we‡`wk kvmb GK bvU‡KiB Kzkxje G mZ¨I wZwb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †`kxq bvUwk‡íi K_v ejvi Q‡j Rmxg †j‡Lb: ÒBs‡iR Avg‡ji Av‡M evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv wQj bv| gvB‡Kj `xbeÜzi c‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi exR Dß nq|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 75) Gi wcQ‡b BsivR| AvaywbK BsivRx wkw¶Z hyeKw`‡Mi wn›`yü`q mvg‡b gvÎ| GB K_vi c‡¶ f~‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi Dw³ Pqb Kiv P‡j| f~‡`eevey 1892 BsivwR mvj bvMv` wj‡LwQ‡jb:

A‡bK BsivR MÖš’Kvi, KLb ¯úóv¶v‡i, KLb Bw½Zµ‡g Aby¶YB ewjqv _v‡Kb †h gymjgv‡biv hLb †`‡k ivRv wQj, ZLb wn›`yw`‡Mi cÖwZ AK_¨ wbh©vZb mg¯— KwiqvwQj| BsivR MÖš’Kv‡iiv GBiƒ‡c wn›`yw`‡Mi g‡bvg‡a¨ gymjgvb w`‡Mi cÖwZ GKwU M~p we‡ØlexR ecb Kwiqv w`‡Z‡Qb| AvaywbK BsivRx wkw¶Z hyeKw`‡Mi ü`‡q gymjgvbRvwZ Ges gymjgvb a‡g©i cÖwZ hZUv we‡Øl †`Lv w`qv‡Q , c~e©Kv‡ji cvim¨fvlvq mywkw¶Z, m`vPvi m¤úbœ m`&eªvþYw`‡MiI g‡b Zvnvi Aa©vsk †`Lv hvBZ bv|Ó (f~‡`e 1981:14)

iex›`ªbv_ Amv¤cÖ`vwqK mvwn‡Z¨i wfZ ‰Zqvi K‡ib e‡U, Z‡e Zv‡ZI mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Dcv`vb dzivq bvB|  (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 75) RmxgD``xb GKUv e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb GB NUbvi| iex›`ªbv_ civaxb †`‡ki †Mvjvg †jLK e‡jB mv¤cÖ`vwqK g‡bvfve Qv‡ob bvB, GB ivq Rmxg cÖwZfvi Ag„Z| RmxgD`&`xb e‡jb, iex›`ªbv_ mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Avo‡gvov fv½‡Z cv‡ib bvB Zvui AwZkq B‡qvcivqYZvi †`v‡l| iex›`ªbv†_i †`Lvi †PvL weRvZxq, we‡kl B‡qv‡ivcxq, Avgv‡`i mg‡qi fvlvq ej‡j ejv P‡j B‡qv‡ivcxq Awi‡q‡›Uvcxq| iex›`ªbv_ GKv bb, civaxbZvi mv‡_ AvaywbKZv ¸wj‡q†Qb †gjv †jLK| GB †Mv‡ji nwi‡evj AvR eis †ewk †ZwRqvb| RmxgD`&`xb iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖvY †fvgivq GKnvZ w`‡q‡Qb:

Ggb wK G‡`‡ki kxZ, kir cªf„wZ FZz‡K wZwb eY©bv Kwi‡jb BD‡ivcevmxi gZ Kwiqv| evOjvi kxZ, G ‡`‡ki emš—, BD‡iv‡ci gZ kxZ-eyox bq| ki‡Zi i½I cwic~Y©Zvi iƒc jBqv G‡`‡k †`Lv †`q bv| G‡`‡ki †jvK hv fvjev‡m ev cQ›` K‡i, Zv cvðv‡Z¨ cwoqv iwnj| G †`‡ki hv wKQy Bs‡iR‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y Kwi‡Z cv‡i, Zvnv jBqv wZwb cmiv mvRvB‡jb| G‡`‡ki me fvj jBqv Kwe cvðv‡Z¨i iƒwP e`jvB‡Z †Póv Kwi‡jb bv| nqZ GB Kvi‡Y Kwe Zvi m„wóKv‡h©i wfZi w`qv †hB K_v ewj‡Z Pvwnqv‡Qb ... †`kevmx Kwe‡K jBqv †MŠie Kwiqv‡Q; Zuvi Kv‡e¨i imavivI nqZ cvb Kwiqv‡Q ; wKš‘ Zuvi gZev`‡K MªnY K‡i bvB| (RmxgD`&`xb 1990:74-75) 

mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi wei“‡× Avgv‡`i eo Kwei mvwnZ¨ ‡QvU, mvaviY I `vqmviv ai‡Yi, fvmv fvmv †gNjv Pwi‡Îi| KviY wZwb evsjvi cÖvY ai‡Z †c‡i‡Qb e‡j g‡b nq bv| iex›`ªbv_ ev½vwj bb, G mZ¨ RmxgD``xb ai‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wVKB| ïb‡Z Lvivc jvM‡Q | Z‡e dwi`cyix PÛv‡ji wePvi Avg~j AmZ¨ bq: Òiex›`ªbv_ hw` cÖ_‡g evOvwj Kwe nB‡Zb, evOjvi kZ mgm¨v, kZ ms¯‹vi I K~cgÛyKZvcw¼j Rjavivi g‡a¨ Zvunvi mvwn‡Z¨i kZ`jwU †gwjqv awi‡Z cvwi‡Zb, Z‡e nqZ Zvui me mvwnZ¨ wek¦mvwnZ¨ nBZ bv; wKš—z Zvui †`kevmxiv weMZ hy‡Mi mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi nvZ nB‡Z i¶v cvBZ|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 75)

Dwbk ‡kv cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki †klw`‡K cvwK¯—vb †jLK m‡¤§j‡bi cÖ_g w`‡bi Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZi fvlY †`b RmxgD`&`xb| ‡mB fvl‡YI wZwb Dw³ Ki‡jb:

we‡`kx fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i AbyKiY I AbymiY Kivq Avgv‡`i wn›`y-e½ GZUv AMÖmi nBqvwQ‡jb †h, GKKv‡j Ò†nvqvU †e½j w_sKm Uz‡W BwÛqv w_sKm Uz‡gv‡ivÓ GB evYx me©fviZ ¯^xKvi Kwiqv jBqvwQj| wKš‘ civYyKi‡Yi ‡RŠjym †ekxw`b wUKvBqv ivLv hvq bv| AvR †h Rxeb msMÖv‡g ev½vwj µ‡gB wcQvBqv cwo‡Z‡Q Zvnvi KviY nq‡Zv wb‡Ri  K…wó I ‡UªwWkb‡K ev` w`qv ev½vwj we‡`kx fveaviv Avwbqv wb‡R‡K eo  Kwi‡Z PvwnqvwQj| †`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i c~e©myix‡`i c_ nB‡Z wew”Qbœ nBqv ev½vwj †h mvwnZ¨ iPbv Kwij, Zvnv‡K we‡`kxI Avš—R©vwZK ewjqv MÖnY Kwij bv | †`‡ki Avcvgi RbmvaviY I Zvnvi wbR¯^ m¤ú` ewjqv ¯^xKvi Kwij bv| PÛx`vm, we`¨vcwZ, †Mvwe›``vm, gyKz›`ivg †mKv‡ji QvcvLvbvewR©Z †`‡k hZUv †jvK¯^xK…wZ cvBqvwQ‡jb G Kv‡ji Kq Rb AvaywbK ev½vwj †jLK ZZUv †jvKwcÖqZv jvf Kwiqv‡Qb ?

(RmxgDÏxb 2001: 45; gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x, dvêyb 1365)

RmxgDÏxb g‡b K‡ib: ÒMvwje, nvwdR, RjÜwi I ‡Rvgv - G‡`i KweZv Bs‡iwRwkw¶Z Kwe BKev‡ji KweZvi PvB‡Z RbwcÖq, bRi“j Bmjv‡gi KweZv iex›`ªbv‡_i PvB‡Z RbwcÖq|Ó (RmxgDÏxb 2001: 45) ‡Kb? Gi Reve AvRI †jLv nq bvB| whwb wjL‡eb, RmxgD``xb e‡jb, Ònq‡Zv Avgvi m¤§y‡LB wZwb ewmqv Av‡Qb|Ó

3

evsjv‡`‡k cvwK¯—vb Rgvbvi †k‡li w`‡K gymjgvb MfY©i †gvbv‡qg Lvu mv‡n‡ei AvÁvq,  Bmjvgx Av`‡k©i we‡ivax GB ARynv‡Z, iƒcevb hvÎvi Awfbq wb‡la Kiv nq| RmxgD``xb GB wb‡l‡ai Amxg we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| GB wb‡la‡K wZwb ‡`‡ki ÕAwZ eo ¶wZÕ e‡j mbv³ K‡ib| Kwei hyw³, Bmjv‡gi bv‡g Avb›` Abyôvb eÜ Kiv AwePv‡ii KvR| wZwb wjL‡jb:

wKš‘ Bmjvg wK mg_©b K‡i Avi wK mg_©b K‡i bv †m wel‡q Avgv‡`i Av‡jg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨I gZwe‡iva Av‡Q| GK`j gvIjvbv Mvb MvIqv, evRbv evRvb, RxeRš‘i Qwe AvuKv I b„Z¨Kjv cÖ`k©b Kiv‡K nvivg ewjqv d‡Zvqv w`qv _v‡Kb| Zvnv‡`i g‡Z Pwj‡Z †M‡j wkíx Rqbyj Av‡e`x‡bi AvU© Bbw÷wUDU, eyjeyj jwjZKjv Ges wewfbœ m½xZ wk¶vjq¸wj wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv eÜ Kwiqv w`‡Z nq| GB me †bZ…ag©x †gvj­v‡`i cªfv‡e Avgv‡`i ev½vwj gymwjg mgvR mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvq KZ wcQ‡b cwoqv Av‡Q GLbI wK Zvnv fvweqv †`wLevi mgq Av‡m bvB?

 (RmxgD``xb 1990: 39)

G †`‡k wn›`y gymjgvb cvkvcvwk evm K‡i| Zviv nq‡Zv G‡Ki Kvwnbx wKwÂr e`j K‡i Ac‡i jq| wb‡ZB cv‡i| RmxgD``xb G‡Z †`v‡li wKQy †`‡Lb bv| Kwe e‡jb:

nqZ KvÂbgvjv bv‡gB GB (iƒcevb) Kvwnbx cwiwPZ wQj | gymjgvb iPK‡`i nv‡Z cwoqv Bnvi bvwqKv iƒcevb Kb¨v bv‡g cwiwPZ nBqv‡Q| †hgb †mvbvfvb †mvgZ©evb cÖf„wZ gymjgvbx iƒcK_vi bvwqKv‡`i bvg †Zgwb iƒcevb bvgKiY| iƒcevb A_© †jvevbI nB‡Z cv‡i| hvnvi Mv‡qi myevm †jvev‡bi gZ| GgbI nB‡Z cv‡i iƒcevb Kb¨vi Kvwnbx nqZ †Kvb gymjgvb MÖvg¨ iPbvKvix cÖ_g Zvnvi †kªvZvw`M‡K ïbvBqvwQj| Zvnvi ci eû MíKvi‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L GB Kvwnbx Nywiqv Nywiqv mg¯— evOvjxi N‡i cÖ‡ek KwiqvwQj| cieZ©xKv‡j †Kvb wn›`y MíKvi‡Ki nv‡Z cwoqv iƒcevb Kb¨v KvÂbgvjvq iƒcvš—wiZ nBqv‡Q|

           (RmxgD``xb 1990: 45)

RmxgD``xb iƒcevb hvÎvq Bmjv‡gi Av`k© ¶zbœ nq Ggb wKQy †`‡Lb bvB| GB hvÎvi Av`k© GKwbô †cÖg| Ggb †cÖg evsjv‡`‡ki Pvlx Rxe‡bi ˆbwgwËK wRwbm, RvZxq cyivY Kvwnbxi Askx`vi:

G †h †eûjvi †`k - giv cwZ‡K Kjvi †fjvq jBqv MswKbx b`x‡Z †h †m GLbI fvwmqv †eovB‡Z‡Q| G †h mwLbvi †`k, †mvbvB wewei †`k, ewbqvP‡½i wbf„Z Kei¯’v‡b AvR Zvnviv NygvBqv bvB| MvRxi Mv‡b, MÖvg¨ hvÎvi Avm‡i Zvnviv Rxeš— nBqv Zvnv‡`i gwnqmx Rxe‡bi mKj Kvwnbx Awfbq Kwiqv hvB‡Z‡Q|

           (RmxgD``xb 1990: 48)

Av‡iKevi Aviex ni‡d evsjv †jLvi digvb Rvwi K‡ib †K›`ªxq cvwK¯—vb miKvi| Kwe RlxgD``xb mv‡ne ej‡jb: ÒGKUv RvwZi fvM¨ jBqv GZeo wQwbwgwb †Ljvi `„óvš— c„w_exi BwZnv‡m K¡wPr †`Lv hvq|Ó evsjv fvlv Aviex ni‡d †jLv n‡j Avi‡ei †Kvb jvf bvB wKš‘ evsjvi A‡bK ¶wZ| Kwe mv‡ne mvd mvd Rvwb‡q w`‡jb: †K›`ªxq cvwK¯—vb miKv†ii nid e`‡ji ûKzg ÒevOvjx gymjgvb mn‡R gv_v cvwZqv MªnY Kwi‡e bv|Ó (RmxgD``xb 1990: 102-3)

miKvwi hyw³i gyLcvÎ e‡jwQ‡jb, evsjv fvlvq Aviex nid Pvjy Ki†j `ywbqvi mg¯— gymwjg iv‡óªi m‡½ GK n‡Z cvwK¯—v†bi myweav nq| G hyw³ ev½vwj Kwe Mv‡q gv‡Lb bvB| wZwb ej‡jb: ÒD`©yfvlv Kg‡m Kg Aviex ni‡d wjwLZ nq wKš‘ wgm‡ii KqRb gymjgvb D`©yfvlvi †LvuR iv‡L! fvlv Zvi cÖv‡`wkKZvi MwÛ cvi nBqv hvB‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖwZfvi †Rv‡i| †kKmcxqv‡ii fvlv Rvwbevi Rb¨ RM‡Zi imwccvmyiv wPiKvjB BsivRx fvlv wk¶v Kwi‡e|Ó (RmxgD``xb 1990: 104) 

Avgv‡`i GKUv mvwnZ¨ Av‡Q| †m mvwnZ¨ ÕfviZ I cvwK¯—v‡bi me©‡kªô mvwnZ¨Õ| RmxgD``xb ej‡jb: ÒAvgv‡`i c~e© cvwK¯—vb nB‡Z evsjv nid‡K we`vq w`‡j GK wb‡g‡li g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i bqb c_ nB‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKUv weivU Ask gywQqv hvB‡e|Ó wÎKvj`k©x RmxgD``x‡bi K_vi mvigg© hw` Avgiv fyj ey‡S bv _vwK, wZwb ej‡jb, evsjv ni‡d evsjv wj‡LB ‡Zv evOvjx gymjgvb cvwK¯—vb G‡bwQj| Bsiv‡Ri wei“‡× ¯^vaxbZvi hy‡× †m eûw`b BsivwR ‡P‡LI †`‡L bvB, a‡iI †`‡L bvB& | GgbB †R` evOvjx gymjgv‡bi| fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ Áv‡b, ¸‡Y, we`¨vq Mixqvb evOvjx wn›`y| evOvjx gymjgvb GB evOvjx wn›`yi m‡½ j‡o‡Q wKš‘ evsjv Qv‡o bvB| †Zv ‡m cvwK¯—v‡b G‡m evsjv nid Qvo‡e ‡Kvb `yt†L? wZwb wjL‡jb: ÒKwei `„wó hw` my`~icÖmvix nq Z‡e ZvnviB e‡j Avwg fwel¨ØvYx Kwi‡ZwQ, G Awfhvb †Kvbw`bB mv_©©K nB‡e bv, KviY G Awfhvb gvby‡li AMÖhvÎvi Awfhvb bq| G Awfhvb GKUv weivU RbmsL¨v‡K GKUv ¶z`ª  RbmsL¨vi `v‡m cwiYZ Kivi Awfhvb|Ó(RmxgD``xb 1990: 107)

4

A‡b‡Ki ms¯‹vi Avgv‡`i ‡`k ¯^vaxb| civaxbZvi hyM †kl | K_vUv mZ¨ n‡j fv‡jv n‡Zv| n‡q‡QB hw` Z‡e wR‡Ám Kiv †Kb, ¯^vaxb †Kvb A‡_©?  beRvZ †cv÷K‡jvwbqvj evMavivwU GB ms¯‹v†iiB mš—vb| fvlvi iwmKcyi“l avivwU cwinvm A‡_© wb‡q‡Qb| civaxbZv I AcivaxbZvi g‡a¨ ZdvZ wK?  Avgv‡`i civaxbZv kvLvq I cj­‡e †e‡o‡Q, AcivaxbZv n‡q‡Q| †cv÷K‡jvwbqvj hyM gv‡b `vuwo‡q‡Q A-civaxbZvi hyM bq, Aci-AaxbZvi hyM| bv K‡jvwbqvj Wv‡Ki hyM? G Avevi †Kgb PxR? Av‡gwiKvi abx e¨emvqx‡`i †ePv evsjv‡`kx gy”Qywχ`i †Kbv‡ePv †Kvb †Kvb av‡bi g‡Zv GB Px‡R Z³v nq‡Zv nq, exR nq bv| G Px‡Ri Lei Kwe RmxgD``xb wb‡R fv‡jv ivL‡Zb, Avgv‡`iI gv‡S mv‡S w`‡Zb| 1951 mv‡ji GK †jLvq Kwe mv‡ne e‡j‡Qb: ÒBsiv‡Ri cvVkvjvq cwoqv MZ Ebwesk I wesk kZvãx‡Z Zvnvi †MŠi‡e Avgiv wek¦mvwnZ¨ mfvq ¯’vb jvf KwiqvwQ| wKš‘ †`‡ki gvwUi m‡½ GB mvwn‡Z¨i KZUv †hvM Av‡Q †m wel‡q cÖkœ Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i| g~jnxb ciMvQvi gZ GB mvwn‡Z¨i imaviv †h AKv‡j ïKvBqv hvB‡e bv Zvnv †K ewj‡e?Ó (RmxgDÏxb 1990: 34)

wfb‡`wk mvwnZ¨ gv‡bB Lvivc mvwnZ¨ Ggb ms¯‹vi Aek¨ RmxgD``x‡b bvB| Bsiv‡Ri Zzjbvq divwm†`i mvwnZ¨ fv‡jv KviY Avgv‡`i c~e©Kv‡ji †`wk mvwn‡Z¨i m‡½ divwk i“wPi wgj †ewk| RmxgD``xb e‡jb: ÒAvR Bsiv‡Ri Kv‡Q i“wPÁvb wk¶v Kwiqv Avgiv Avgv‡`i AZxZ Rxe‡bi imaviv nB‡Z wew”Qbœ nBqv cwoqvwQ|Ó

Zi“‡Yiv ZK© K‡ib, RmxgD``x‡bi jvB‡b Avgiv wK Avevi wdievi cvi‡ev? Avgiv Kwn wdi‡bi `iKviB ev wK? mvg‡b AvMvB‡jB †Zv nq| GLb †Lv`vB Ki‡jB nq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki Av‡gwiKvi Kwe Iqvë ûBUg¨v‡bi (1819-1892) bv‡g †m ‡`‡kiB ciKv‡ji Kwe GRiv cvDÛ (1885-1972) GK KweZvq e‡jwQ‡jb:

 ZiZvRv MvQ ‡K‡UQ Z ZzwgB,

Avgv‡`i †Lv`vB ïi“i cvjv |

ûBUg¨v‡bi m‡½ RmxgD``x‡bi Zzjbv KvUv Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb KZ©‡e¨i Ask bq| Z‡e ej‡Z †`vl wK ûBUg¨vb  ‡h A‡_© Av‡gwiKvi, RmxgD``xbI †m A‡_© Gwkqvi, wbR †`‡ki, RvZxq Kwe| hv‡`i nv‡Z †`‡ki RbM‡Yi A_ev RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i Lwo bvB RmxgD``x‡bi AvZ¥xqZvq, UvKv cvD†Ûi †jb‡`‡b, Zv‡`iI g‡b nq gybvdv n‡e| cvD‡Ûi KweZvwU AvqZ‡b gnv bq| m‡½i evsjvUv KvPv Kiv| ïi“ †nvK bv Avgv‡`i ‡jbv Avi †`bv|

A Pact

     I make a pact with you, Walt Whitman --

            I have detested you long enough.

            I come to you as a grown child

            Who has had a pig-headed father;

            I am old enough now to make friends.

            It was you that broke the new wood,

            Now is a time for carving.

            We have one sap and one root --

            Let there be commerce between us.

(cvDÛ 1384:4)

           Pzw³

     GB, Iqvë ûBUg¨vb, Pzw³ ‡nvK †Zvgv‡Z Avgv‡Z,

†Zvgv‡K w`‡qwQ _yZy †gjvw`b, GZw`‡b wgwUj Z mva |

ïq‡ii gZb ‡Mvuqvi evRv‡bi Kv‡Q 

GKw`b ‡d‡i ‡Q‡j mvevjK, AvwgI wdiwQ      

     GLb eqm Avgvi wgZvwj cvZvi |

ZiZvRv MvQ ‡K‡UQ Z ZzwgB,

Avgv‡`i †Lv`vB ïi“i cvjv |

GKB i‡mi aviv Avgv‡`i, g~jI GK ‡Pbv--

ïi“ †nvK bv Avgv‡`i ‡jbv Avi †`bv|

Abygvb Kwi Avgv‡`i †Kvb mvevjK KweI GKw`b KwewcZv RmxgD``xb mKv‡k †Zgb wKQy GKUv ej‡eb| RmxgD``x‡bi m‡½, RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i Qwn eo avivi j‡M, †jbv‡`bvq gybvdv Av‡Q Rvb‡jB bv †mB e¨emv n‡e| evsjv bv nq B‡qv‡iv‡ci wØZxq †kªYxi cÖ_g mvwnZ¨ bvB ev n†jv, Gwkqvi cÖ_g †kªYxi ‡kl mvwnZ¨ ‡Zv n‡e |

XvKv| 10†cŠl

‡`vnvB

1   Akxb `vk¸ß (2001) cÖeÜ mgMÖ, Dgv `vk¸ß m¤úvw`Z, KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©|

2         Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1995) RvZxq mvwnZ¨, gvaevb›` fÆvPvh© m¤úvw`Z, KwjKvZv: †` eyK †÷vi; cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1932| 

3   GRiv cvDÛ (1384) GRiv cvD‡Ûi wbe©vwPZ KweZv, mykxjKzgvi `vk¸ß Ab~w`Z I m¤úvw`Z, KjKvZv: iƒcv|

4   L‡M›`ªbv_ wgÎ (2001) Òe½ mvwn‡Z¨i iPbvbxwZÓ, Avb›`evRvi cwÎKv msKwjZ, Avb›`m½x 1: cÖeÜ, KwjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©; cÖ_g cÖKvk 1936|

5   RmxgD``xb (1990) RmxgD``x‡bi cªeÜmg~n, 1g LÛ, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

6   RmxgD``xb (2001) RmxgD``x‡bi cªeÜmg~n, 2q LÛ, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

7   RmxgD``xb (1998) myPqbx: RmxgD``x‡bi wbev©wPZ KweZv, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

8   RmxgD``xb (1992) VvKzievwoi AvwObvq, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

9                   RmxgD``xb (1976) RxebK_v, 3q gy`ªY, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx; cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1964|

10             f~‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1981) mvgvwRK cÖeÜ, RvýexKzgvi PKªeZ©x m¤úvw`Z, KwjKvZv: cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯—K cl©`; cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1892|

11   iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1391) evsjv kãZË¡, 3q ms¯‹iY, KwjKvZv: wek¦fviZx|

12   ivg‡gvnb ivq (1364) ivg‡gvnb MÖš’vejx, 1g-7g LÛ, eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`vcva¨vq I kªxmRbxKvš— `vm m¤úvw`Z, KwjKvZv: e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`, 1380|

13   mwjgyj­vn Lvb (2003) ÕRmxgD``x‡bi evsjvÕ, ivóªmfv cÎgvjv: 3q msL¨v, XvKv: Avng` Qdv ivóªmfv; Ges kZe‡l© RmxgD``xb, bvwmi Avjx gvgyb m¤úvw`Z, dwi`cyi: dwi`cyi mvwnZ¨ cwil`|

14         Michel Foucault (1972) The Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, A.M. Sheridan Smith tr., New York: Pantheon Books.

15         J.C. Ghosh (1976) Bengali Literature, reprint ed. London: Curzon Press; first edition 1948.